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Rendering is a process that converts waste animal tissue into stable, usable materials. Rendering can refer to any processing of animal products into more useful materials, or, more narrowly, to the rendering of whole animal fatty tissue into purified fats like lard or tallow. Welcome to Free PBR where you can download 100% free PBR materials and texture files. Our free PBR, or Physically-Based Rendering materials offer the metalness/roughness as well as the metallic/smoothness workflow. These 2K texture maps can be used in Unreal Engine, Unity, Blender and more.

Rendering is a process that converts waste animal tissue into stable, usable materials. Rendering can refer to any processing of animal products into more useful materials, or, more narrowly, to the rendering of whole animal fatty tissue into purified fats like lard or tallow. Rendering can be carried out on an industrial, farm, or kitchen scale.

The majority of tissue processed comes from slaughterhouses, but also includes restaurant grease and butcher shop trimmings and expired meat from grocery stores. This material can include the fatty tissue, bones, and offal, as well as entire carcasses of animals condemned at slaughterhouses, and those that have died on farms, in transit, etc. The most common animal sources are beef, pork, sheep, and poultry.

The rendering process simultaneously dries the material and separates the fat from the bone and protein. A rendering process yields a fat commodity (yellow grease, choice white grease, bleachable fancy tallow, etc.) and a protein meal (meat and bone meal, poultry byproduct meal, etc.).

Rendering plants often also handle other materials, such as slaughterhouse blood, feathers and hair, but do so using processes distinct from true rendering.

Free 3d Rendering Materials

The occupation of renderer has appeared in 'dirtiest jobs' lists.^[1]

• 8References

Process variations[edit]

The rendering process varies in a number of ways:

• Whether the end products are used as human or animal food depends on the quality of input material and the processing methods and equipment.
• The material may be processed by wet or dry means. In wet processing, either boiling water or steam is added to the material, separating fat into a floating phase. In dry processing, fat is released by dehydrating the raw material.
• The temperature range used may be high or low.
• Rendering may be done either in discrete batches or in a continuous process.
• The processing plant may be operated by an independent company that buys input material from suppliers, or by a packing plant that produces the material in-house.

Rendering processes for edible products[edit]

Edible rendering processes are basically meat processing operations and produce lard or edible tallow for use in food products. Edible rendering is generally carried out in a continuous process at low temperature (less than the boiling point of water). The process usually consists of finely chopping the edible fat materials (generally fat trimmings from meat cuts), heating them with or without added steam, and then carrying out two or more stages of centrifugal separation. The first stage separates the liquid water and fat mixture from the solids. The second stage further separates the fat from the water. The solids may be used in food products, pet foods, etc., depending on the original materials. The separated fat may be used in food products, or if in surplus, may be diverted to soap making operations. Most edible rendering is done by meat packing or processing companies.

Rendering processes for inedible products[edit]

Materials that for aesthetic or sanitary reasons are not suitable for human food are the feedstocks for inedible rendering processes. Much of the inedible raw material is rendered using the 'dry' method. This may be a batch or a continuous process in which the material is heated in a steam-jacketed vessel to drive off the moisture and simultaneously release the fat from the fat cells. The material is first ground, then heated to release the fat and drive off the moisture, percolated to drain off the free fat, and then more fat is pressed out of the solids, which at this stage are called 'cracklings' or 'dry-rendered tankage'. The cracklings are further ground to make meat and bone meal.

A variation on a dry process involves finely chopping the material, fluidizing it with hot fat, and then evaporating the mixture in one or more evaporator stages. Some inedible rendering is done using a wet process, which is generally a continuous process similar in some ways to that used for edible materials. The material is heated with added steam and then pressed to remove a water-fat mixture that is then separated into fat, water, and fine solids by stages of centrifuging and/or evaporation. The solids from the press are dried and then ground into meat and bone meal. Most independent renderers process only inedible material.

History[edit]

The development of rendering was primarily responsible for the profitable utilization of meat industry by-products, which in turn allowed the development of a massive industrial-scale meat industry that made food more economical for the consumer.Rendering has been carried out for many centuries, primarily for soap and candle making. The earliest rendering was done in a kettle over an open fire. This type of rendering is still done on farms to make lard (pork fat) for food purposes. With the development of steam boilers, it was possible to use steam-jacketed kettles to make a higher grade product, and reduce fire danger. A further development came in the 19th century with the use of steam digesters: a tank used as a pressure cooker where steam was injected into the material being rendered. This process is a wet rendering process called 'tanking' and was used for edible and inedible products, although better grades of edible products were made using the open kettle process. After the material is tanked, the free fat is run off, the remaining water ('tank water') run into a separate vat, and the solids removed and dried by pressing and steam-drying in a jacketed vessel. The tank water was either run into a sewer or it was evaporated to make glue or protein concentrate to add to fertilizer. The solids were used for fertilizer.

Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle (1906), an exposé on the Chicago meat processing industry which created public outrage. His work helped the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1907 which paved the way for the creation of the FDA.

The pressure tank made possible the development of the Chicago meat industry in the United States, with its concentration in one geographic area, because it allowed the economic disposal of byproducts which would otherwise overwhelm the environment in that area. At first, small companies that sprang up near the packers did the rendering. Later the packers entered the rendering industry. Gustavus Swift, Nelson Morris, and Lucius Darling were among the early pioneers of the U.S. rendering industry with their personal backing and/or direct participation in the rendering industry.

Innovations came rapidly in the 20th century. Some of these were the uses for rendered products, and others were the rendering methods. In the 1920s, a batch dry rendering process was invented; the material was cooked in horizontal steam-jacketed cylinders (similar to the fertilizer dryers of the day). Advantages claimed for the dry process were economy of energy, better protein yield, faster processing, and fewer obnoxious odors. Over the years, the wet 'tanking' process was replaced with the dry process. By the end of World War II, most rendering installations used the dry process. In the 1960s, continuous dry processes were introduced, one using a variation of the conventional dry cooker and the other making use of a mincing and evaporation process to dry the material and yield the fat. In the 1980s, high energy costs popularized the various 'wet' continuous processes. These processes were more energy efficient and allowed the re-use of process vapours to pre-heat or dry the materials during the process.

After WWII, synthetic detergents arrived, which displaced soaps in domestic and industrial washing. In the early 1950s, over half of the inedible fat market vanished. Diversion in these materials into animal feeds soon replaced the lost soap market and eventually became the single largest use for inedible fats.

The widespread use of 'boxed beef', where the beef was cut into consumer portions at packing plants rather than local butcher shops and markets, meant that fat and meat scraps for renderers stayed at the packing plants and were rendered there by packer renderers, rather than by the independent rendering companies.

The rejection of animal fats by diet-conscious consumers led to a surplus of edible fats, and the resultant diversion into soapmaking and oleochemicals, displacing inedible fats and contributing to the market volatility of this commodity.

Advantages and disadvantages[edit]

The rendering industry is one of the oldest recycling industries, and made possible the development of a large food industry. The industry takes what would otherwise be waste materials and makes useful products such as fuels, soaps, rubber, plastics, etc. At the same time, rendering solves what would otherwise be a major disposal problem. As an example, the USA recycles more than 21 million metric tons annually of highly perishable and noxious organic matter. In 2004, the U.S. industry produced over 8 million metric tons of products, of which 1.6 million metric tons were exported.

Usually, materials used as raw materials in the rendering process are susceptible to spoilage. However, after rendering, the materials are much more resistant to spoiling. This is due to the application of heat either through cooking in the wet rendering process or the extraction of fluid in the dry rendering process. The fat obtained can be used as low-cost raw material in making grease, animal feed, soap, candles, biodiesel, and as a feed-stock for the chemical industry. Tallow, derived from beef waste, is an important raw material in the steel rolling industry providing the required lubrication when compressing steel sheets.

Meat and bones (in a dry, ground state) are converted to meat and bone meal. Health professionals believe that meat and bone meal in animal feed was the main route for the late-20th century spread of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (mad-cow disease, BSE), which is also fatal to human beings. Early in the 21st century, most countries tightened regulations to prevent this.^[2]

If not for the rendering industry, the cost of waste animal material would be high and would place a significant economic and environmental burden on areas involved in industrial scale slaughtering. This cost would manifest itself through the use of expensive sanitary landfills, incinerators, and other similar waste disposal techniques without yielding profit from opportunity costs. Alternatives to rendering products may not reduce cost.

Kitchen rendering[edit]

Rendering of fats is also carried out on a kitchen scale by chefs and home cooks. In the kitchen, rendering is used to transform butter into clarified butter, suet into tallow, pork fat into lard, and chicken fat into schmaltz.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Inline citations[edit]

1. ^Ellin, Abby (Sep 3, 2012). 'The Seven Dirtiest Jobs'. ABC News. Retrieved 29 January 2014.
2. ^'FAQ on BSE'. United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2017-01-28.

General references[edit]

• Lyman, Howard, F. (1998). Mad Cowboy. Simon & Schuster, New York.
• Render Magazine (April 2005), National Renderer's Association.
• Burnham, Frank. North American Rendering: The Source of Essential High Quality Products. National Renderer's Association.
• Clemen, Rudolph (1978). Rendering, The Invisible Industry, Aero Publishers.
• Young, H.H. (1927). By-Products of the Meat-Packing Industry, University of Chicago Press.
• Franco, Don and Swanson, Winfield (1996). The Original Recyclers, APPI, FPRF and NRA.

Use this procedure to assign materials for rendering object surfaces.

In shaded view and rendered views, objects may display rendering materials instead of the hatch patterns that are displayed in 2D wireframe and hidden line views. The following types of rendering materials are available:

You can assign rendering materials to two different types of component:

• Object surfaces: All object surfaces that have a surface hatch applied to them can also have a rendering material assigned. If you want to assign a rendering material to an object surface, make sure that the Surface Hatch component in the material definition is turned on.
• Live section views: The Sectioned Body component of a live section view as well as the live section cut plane can have special rendering materials assigned. If you want to assign rendering materials to a live section view, make sure that the Sectioned Body component in the material definition is turned on.

Rendered live section view with transparent outside component

1. Click Manage tabStyle & Display panelStyle Manager.

   The Style Manager is displayed with the current drawing expanded in the tree view.

2. Expand Multi-Purpose Objects, and expand Material Definitions.
3. Select the material definition you want to change.
4. Click the Display Properties tab.
5. Select the display representation where you want the changes to appear, and verify that Style Override is checked.

   The display representation in bold is the current display representation.

6. If necessary, click .
7. Click the Other tab.
8. Select rendering materials for the individual material components:

   If you want to…	Then…
   assign a rendering material to object surfaces	select a material for Render Material. Then select a mapping type for Mapping: If you select Same as Surface Hatch, only those surfaces selected under Surface Hatch Placement are rendered. If you select Face Mapping, all surfaces are rendered and any hatch alignment overrides are ignored.
   assign a rendering material to the cut plane of a live section view	select a material for Cut Surface Render Material.
   assign a rendering material to the body component outside the live section line	select a material for Sectioned Body Render Material.

   If you don’t find the correct rendering material or if you want to see a preview of the material, click the Browse button and browse for the desired material.

9. Select a new rendering material, if necessary.
10. Click OK.